Today we start from the basics of networking 
internet is an example of networking 
definition of networking 
When we connecting two or more device which each other then it call networking.

5 basic modes of router

Router>                           User mode
Router# Enable Mode
Router(config)#                  Configure terminal
Router(config-if)# interface mode
Router(config-line)#            line mode

Flexibility Schema Operations Master (FSMO) Roles in 2008 Server

As we are all aware that certain tasks needs to be performed by single one, so as far AD 2008 goes some tasks are performed by single domain controller and they jointly called as FSMO roles.

There are five roles:

They are further classified in two

1. Forest Roles

• Schema Master - As name suggests, the changes that are made while creation of any object in AD or changes in attributes will be made by single domain controller and then it will be replicated to another domain controllers that are present in your environment. There is no corruption of AD schema if all the domain controllers try to make changes. This is one of the very important roles in FSMO roles infrastructure.
• Domain Naming Master - This role is not used very often, only when you add/remove any domain controllers. This role ensures that there is a unique name of domain controllers in environment.

2. Domain Roles

• Infrastructure Master - This role checks domain for changes to any objects. If any changes are found then it will replicate to another domain controller.
• RID Master - This role is responsible for making sure each security principle has a different identifier.
• PDC emulator - This role is responsible for Account policies such as client password changes and time synchronization in the domain

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Network design in packet tracer

Cisco Router Hardware 

This article describes the internal components of a cisco router. It would benefit anyone who wants to learn more about routing networks and how routers work. 

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Routers are nothing more than a special type of PC. Routers and PCs both have some of the same components such as a motherboard, RAM, and an operating system. The main difference is between a router and standard PC, is that a router performs special tasks to control or "route" traffic between two or more networks. Remember that routers are the "smartest" networking devices. They operate at layer 3 of the OSI model. If you are unsure of the difference between a router, switch, or hub click 

Hardware Components

There are 7 major internal components of a router:

• CPU
• RAM
• NVRAM
• Flash
• ROM
• Console
• Interfaces

CPU 
The CPU performs functions just as it does in a normal PC. It executes commands given by the IOS using other hardware components. High-end routers may contain multiple processors or extra slots to add more CPUs later. 

RAM 
Random Access Memory; this component is dynamic. Meaning, its content changes constantly. The main role of the RAM is to: hold the ARP cache, Store routing tables, hold fast-switching cache, performs packet buffering, and hold queues. It also provides temporary memory for the configuration file of the router while the router is powered on. However, the RAM loses content when router is restarted or powered off. This component is upgradeable! 

NVRAM 
Nonvolatile RAM is used to store the startup configuration files. This type of RAM does not lose its content when the router is restarted or powered off. 

Flash 
Flash memory is very important because it saves your ass if you screw up the operating system configuration. It holds the Cisco IOS image file, as well as backups. This flash memory is classified as an EEPROM (Electronically Erasable ProgrammableRead Only Memory). The flash ROM is upgradeable in most Cisco routers. 

ROM 
The ROM performs the same operations as a BIOS. It holds information about the systems hardware components and runs POST when the router first starts up. This component can be upgraded by "unplugging" the chip and installing a new one. A ROM upgrade ensures newer versions of the IOS. 

Console 
The console consists of the physical plugs and jacks on the router. The purpose of the console is to provide access for configurations. 

Interfaces 
The interfaces provide connectivity to LAN, WAN, and Console/Aux. They can be RJ-45 jacks soldered onto the motherboard, transceiver modules, or card modules. Cisco routers, especially the higher-end models, can be configured in many different ways. They can use a combination of transceivers, card modules and onboard interfaces. 

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how to use a packet tracer...............................

link For packet tracer


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Today i want to introduce about VANET Technology    

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